Description
This application note come from National Semiconductor and contains more than 73 circuit diagrams. You can download it from the bottom of this post. An operational amplifier, which is often called an op-amp, is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically millions of times larger than the voltage difference between its input terminals.
Typically the op-amp's very large gain is controlled by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output ("closed-loop") voltage gain in amplifier applications, or the transfer function required (in analog computers). Without negative feedback, and perhaps with positive feedback for regeneration, an op-amp essentially acts as a comparator. High input impedance at the input terminals (ideally infinite) and low output impedance at the output terminal(s) (ideally zero) are important typical characteristics.
Section 1—Basic Circuits
- Inverting Amplifier
- Non-Inverting Amplifier
- Difference Amplifier
- Inverting Summing Amplifier
- Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier
- Inverting Amplifier with High Input Impedance
- Fast Inverting Amplifier with High Input Impedance
- Non-Inverting AC Amplifier
- Practical Differentiator
- Integrator
- Fast Integrator
- Current to Voltage Converter
- Circuit for Operating the LM101
- without a Negative Supply
- Circuit for Generating the Second Positive Voltage
- Neutralizing Input Capacitance to Optimize Response Time
- Voltage Comparator for Driving DTL or TTL Integrated Circuits
- Integrator with Bias Current Compensation
- Threshold Detector for Photodiodes
- Double-Ended Limit Detector
- Multiple Aperture Window Discriminator
- Offset Voltage Adjustment for Inverting Amplifiers Using Any Type of Feedback Element
- Offset Voltage Adjustment for Non-Inverting Amplifiers Using Any Type of Feedback Element
- Offset Voltage Adjustment for Voltage Followers
- Offset Voltage Adjustment for Differential Amplifiers
- Offset Voltage Adjustment for Inverting Amplifiers Using 10k Source Resistance or Less
Section 2 — Signal Generation
- Low Frequency Sine Wave Generator with Quadrature Output
- High Frequency Sine Wave Generator with Quadrature Output
- Free-Running Multivibrator
- Wein Bridge Sine Wave Oscillator
- Function Generator
- Pulse Width Modulator
- Bilateral Current Source
- Wein Bridge Oscillator with FET Amplitude Stabilization
- Low Power Supply for Integrated Circuit Testing
- Positive Voltage Reference
- Negative Voltage Reference
- Precision Current Sink
- Precision Current Source
Section 3 — Signal Processing
- Differential-Input Instrumentation Amplifier
- Variable Gain, Differential-Input Instrumentation Amplifier
- Instrumentation Amplifier with ±100 Volt Common Mode Range
- Instrumentation Amplifier with ±10 Volt Common Mode Range
- High Input Impedance Instrumentation Amplifier
- Bridge Amplifier with Low Noise Compensation
- Bridge Amplifier
- Precision Diode
- Precision Clamp
- Fast Half Wave Rectifier
- Precision AC to DC Converter
- Low Drift Peak Detector
- Absolute Value Amplifier with Polarity Detector
- Sample and Hold
- Low Drift Integrator
- Fast Summing Amplifier with Low Input Current
- Fast Integrator with Low Input Current
- Adjustable Q Notch Filter
- Easily Tuned Notch Filter
- Tuned Circuit
- Two-Stage Tuned Circuit
- Negative Capacitance Multiplier
- Variable Capacitance Multiplier
- Simulated Inductor
- Capacitance Multiplier
- High Pass Active Filter
- Low Pass Active Filter
- Nonlinear Operational Amplifier with Temperature Compensated Breakpoints
- Current Monitor
- Saturating Servo Preamplifier with Rate Feedback
- Power Booster
- Analog Multiplier
- Long Interval Timer
- Fast Zero Crossing Detector
- Amplifier for Piezoelectric Transducer
- Temperature Probe
- Photodiode Amplifier
- High Input Impedance AC Follower
- Temperature Compensated Logarithmic Converter
- Root Extractor
- Multiplier/Divider
- Cube Generator
- Fast Log Generator
- Anti-Log Generator
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